Government & Public Entity

 
United States
  Institutional Services
Submit Search
Link To About Northern TrustLink To NewsLink to Insights & ResearchLink to Investor Relations
 
 
 
Government & Public Entity

Pursue Objectives, Manage Change

You need a financial partner with deep experience addressing the challenges you face.

Find out why government and public entities rely on us for forward-thinking asset servicing and asset management.

 
Our Services
Find fresh approaches to emerging challenges.
Insights and Research
Explore Northern Trust's Insights and Research capabilities.
 
Alan W. Robertson
Our Expert
Alan W. Robertson
Global Head of Sales & Services
» Get in Touch
877-651-9156
 
Close Bio
Alan W. Robertson
Alan W. Robertson
Global Head of Sales & Services
 
Alan W. Robertson is Executive Vice President and Global Head of Sales and Service for Northern Trust Global Investments, responsible for sales and service globally for Northern's investment management business.

Most recently, Alan was President and Chief Executive Officer of Northern Trust Global Advisors, responsible for Northern's multi-manager investment business that provides manager research and customized investment programs for a wide range of institutional and high net worth clients. He was formerly Group Head, Wealth Advisory in Northern's Personal Financial Services business unit, responsible for expanding Northern's presence nationally in the market segment represented by individuals and families with assets over $10 million. During his career at Northern Trust, Mr. Robertson was Managing Director, Northern Trust Global Investments Product Management, Marketing, and Operations/Technology, responsible for developing and managing the full array of Northern's investment management products, investment marketing and the operations and technology applications supporting Northern's investment business.

Mr. Robertson joined Northern Trust from Eager & Associates, Inc., a management consulting firm specializing in the investment management business, where he was a Principal and Senior Consultant, working with investment managers throughout the U.S., Europe and Asia. He began his career at Aetna Life and Casualty, where he held a variety of positions, including Senior Investment Officer, Director Corporate Finance, Director Investment Sales, and Managing Director Aetna Investment Management (Hong Kong) Ltd.

Mr. Robertson received a B.A. degree with honors in international relations from Eisenhower College and an M.B.A.degree from The Darden Graduate School of Business at the University of Virginia.

 
Phone number  877-651-9156
chris_doell_image
Our Expert
Chris Doell
Head of North American Securities Lending Client Service
312-444-7177
 
terry_ransford_image
Our Expert
Terry Ransford
Senior Vice President
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-4331
 
Close Bio
terry_ransford_image
Terry Ransford
Senior Vice President
 
Prior to joining Northern Trust, he was President an Chief Operating Officer of internet broker Wingspan Investment Services, Inc., a Bank One company. Prior to its merger with Bank One, Mr. Ransford served as First Chicago NBD's chief technology officer for its retail investment subsidiaries First Chicago NBD Investment Services and Roney & Co. He has developed several leading brokerage web sites including Wingspan, Bank One's OneInvest and its predecessor First Chicago NBD Online Brokerage.

Ransford has spent his 29-year career in the brokerage industry. Prior to joining Northern Trust in 2000, he held various management positions with Bank One, Fidelity Investments and Prudential Securities.

 
Phone number  1-312-444-4331
Grant Johnsey Photo
Our Expert
Grant Johnsey
Head of Transition Management - North America
» Get in Touch
1-312-557-5164
 
Close Bio
Grant Johnsey Photo
Grant Johnsey
Head of Transition Management - North America
 
Grant Johnsey is a Senior Vice President at Northern Trust. He joined Northern Trust in 2004 as the transition strategist for North America-based clients. His responsibilities include communicating with the consultant community on the Transition Management product and working with clients to understand their goals and devise the optimal strategy to achieve them.

Prior to joining Northern Trust, Mr. Johnsey spent over five years in the institutional brokerage industry. Most recently, he served as director of portfolio trading for Capital Institutional Services. Part of the responsibilities of this position were to develop and grow their transition management business.

He received a B.S. degree from Trinity University and holds Series 7, 9, 10, 24, 55 and 63 Licenses.

 
Phone number  1-312-557-5164
Jennifer Tretheway Northern Trust Global Advisors
Our Expert
Jennifer Tretheway
Director, Manager of Manager Services
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-5254
 
Close Bio
Jennifer Tretheway Northern Trust Global Advisors
Jennifer Tretheway
Director, Manager of Manager Services
 
Jennifer is an Executive Vice President and Director, Manager of Managers Services, for Northern Trust Global Advisors, an investment management subsidiary of Northern Trust offering manager of managers investment programs over $33 billion in assets under management.

Northern Trust's manager of managers programs include emerging and minority managers, US and international equity and fixed income,alternative investments (e.g. hedge fund and private equity strategies), real estate, and total investment program management.
Since joining The Northern Trust Company, Northern Trust Global Advisors' parent company in 1974, Jennifer has held various management positions in investments, global custody, and international banking.

M.B.A. degree in Finance and International Business from the University of Chicago

B.A. degree from Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan

Chartered Financial Analyst

NASD Series 7, 63 and 24 licensed

 
Phone number  1-312-444-5254
Alan W. Robertson
Our Expert
Alan W. Robertson
Global Head of Sales & Services
» Get in Touch
877-651-9156
 
Close Bio
Alan W. Robertson
Alan W. Robertson
Global Head of Sales & Services
 
Alan W. Robertson is Executive Vice President and Global Head of Sales and Service for Northern Trust Global Investments, responsible for sales and service globally for Northern's investment management business.

Most recently, Alan was President and Chief Executive Officer of Northern Trust Global Advisors, responsible for Northern's multi-manager investment business that provides manager research and customized investment programs for a wide range of institutional and high net worth clients. He was formerly Group Head, Wealth Advisory in Northern's Personal Financial Services business unit, responsible for expanding Northern's presence nationally in the market segment represented by individuals and families with assets over $10 million. During his career at Northern Trust, Mr. Robertson was Managing Director, Northern Trust Global Investments Product Management, Marketing, and Operations/Technology, responsible for developing and managing the full array of Northern's investment management products, investment marketing and the operations and technology applications supporting Northern's investment business.

Mr. Robertson joined Northern Trust from Eager & Associates, Inc., a management consulting firm specializing in the investment management business, where he was a Principal and Senior Consultant, working with investment managers throughout the U.S., Europe and Asia. He began his career at Aetna Life and Casualty, where he held a variety of positions, including Senior Investment Officer, Director Corporate Finance, Director Investment Sales, and Managing Director Aetna Investment Management (Hong Kong) Ltd.

Mr. Robertson received a B.A. degree with honors in international relations from Eisenhower College and an M.B.A.degree from The Darden Graduate School of Business at the University of Virginia.

 
Phone number  877-651-9156
Asset ManagementExpert
Investment Management
Find out more about one of the world's largest money managers. Our highly focused business strategy earned us the distinction as an industry leader.
Show Our Expert
Securities Lending
At Northern Trust, clients have the opportunity to optimize the value of their portfolios by participating in our securities lending program, while working within their individual risk tolerances. Income gained from lending securities traditionally offsets a significant portion of annual trustee and custodian fees - all with the assurance of dealing with a financially stable, secure, and highly-rated leader in worldwide financial services.
Show Our Expert
Commission Management
Want to control cost and maximize investment performance? Our Commission Management Program converts expenses into income by recovering fund commissions. 
Show Our Expert
Transition Management
Minimize the direct or indirect costs associated with the purchase or sale of securities.
Show Our Expert
Multi-Manager Programs
Searching for a customized multi-manager program? As a manager of managers, we offer you unsurpassed expertise in manager research, selection and monitoring.
Show Our Expert
Investment Solutions
Northern Trust's broad array of index, quantitative, active and manager-of-manager products combined with our world class asset servicing capabilities allows us to develop and implement customized investment solutions.
Show Our Expert
Asset Class Capabilities
Learn more about our full array of Asset Class Capabilities. We offer you the asset-class diversification to reduce your risks and better meet your investment goals.
point_of_view_lm_online_image
Point of View online version
Investment insights from strategists, economists and product experts
jon_dunham_image
Our Expert
Jon Dunham
Director of North America Asset Servicing Sales
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-5824
 
Close Bio
jon_dunham_image
Jon Dunham
Director of North America Asset Servicing Sales
 
Jon joined Northern Trust in March 2008 as Head of North American Asset Servicing Sales for institutional clients.

Jon is responsible for managing a diverse institutional sales team located in Chicago, Boston, San Francisco, and Toronto, covering the public fund, Taft-Hartley, not-for-profit, large corporate, insurance, investment manager, multinational, and middle market segments. Jon’s focus is solutions-based new business development. He is an industry veteran, with over 20 years experience in client service and business and product development.

Prior to joining Northern Trust, Jon served in various executive and lead business development roles at Bank of New York Mellon Corporation. Most recently, he served as National Sales and Marketing Director for the asset servicing sector. Before that, Jon held several senior positions in market segment sales, new business development, and product management.

Jon attended the University of Pittsburgh and began his career in management and sales for a retail consumer goods firm. Jon currently participates on several national organizations that focus on the financial services industry.
 
Phone number  1-312-444-5824
michael_blake_image
Our Expert
Michael E. Blake, CFA
Senior Vice President
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-5655
 
Close Bio
michael_blake_image
Michael E. Blake, CFA
Senior Vice President
 
Mike leads Northern Trust’s business development efforts on behalf of the Global Fund Services and Insurance segments in North America. He is focused on delivering solutions to North American investment managers and insurance companies on behalf of their global custody, fund administration, and investment operations outsourcing needs on a global basis.

Mike began his career at Northern Trust in 1989 in Worldwide Operations and Technology serving the Large Corporate ERISA and institutional market segments. He spent several years away from Northern Trust consulting to retirement plan sponsors, developing and marketing enterprise level asset allocation and client servicing solutions for trust and retirement plan providers. Mike returned to Northern Trust in 2005.

Mike received a BS in Business Administration from Marquette University and an MBA from Loyola University of Chicago. Mike is a CFA charterholder and member of the CFA Society of Chicago.
 
Phone number  1-312-444-5655
iras_jim_trotter
Our Expert
Jim Trotter
Global Head of IRAS
» Get in Touch
+44 207 982 2410
 
Close Bio
iras_jim_trotter
Jim Trotter
Global Head of IRAS
 
Jim Trotter has worked in the performance and risk industry for over 20 years and joined Northern Trust in February 2005 to head up the Investment Risk and Analytical Services team in London, looking after Northern's EMEA custody and outsourced client base taking performance measurement, market risk and compliance monitoring services. Jim was promoted to Global Deputy Head in June 2007 and to Global Head in early 2009.

Prior to joining, Jim worked for Investit for two years- a specialist consultancy firm, who work exclusively with the investment management industry. At Investit, Jim was the author of research papers in 2004 on the outsourcing of performance measurement capabilities from asset managers to third party sources and also produced a number of leading Performance Measurement & Risk surveys.

From 1998 to 2003 Jim worked at Merrill Lynch Investment Managers (MLIM) in London, ending his tenure there as the head of the performance and portfolio analysis team from 2000 onwards. Prior to joining MLIM, Jim worked for over ten years as a Client Manager for the WM Company in Edinburgh, looking after client relations with Investment Manager and Pension Trustee clients of WM. Jim was also an IMA representative on the NAPF UK Investment Performance Committee (UKIPC) for Performance Standards and a member of the IMA Investment Performance Working Group until early 2003.

 
Phone number  +44 207 982 2410
michael_blake_image
Our Expert
Michael E. Blake, CFA
Senior Vice President
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-5655
 
Close Bio
michael_blake_image
Michael E. Blake, CFA
Senior Vice President
 
Mike leads Northern Trust’s business development efforts on behalf of the Global Fund Services and Insurance segments in North America. He is focused on delivering solutions to North American investment managers and insurance companies on behalf of their global custody, fund administration, and investment operations outsourcing needs on a global basis.

Mike began his career at Northern Trust in 1989 in Worldwide Operations and Technology serving the Large Corporate ERISA and institutional market segments. He spent several years away from Northern Trust consulting to retirement plan sponsors, developing and marketing enterprise level asset allocation and client servicing solutions for trust and retirement plan providers. Mike returned to Northern Trust in 2005.

Mike received a BS in Business Administration from Marquette University and an MBA from Loyola University of Chicago. Mike is a CFA charterholder and member of the CFA Society of Chicago.
 
Phone number  1-312-444-5655
william_huber
Our Expert
William Huber
Senior Vice President
» Get in Touch
1-312-630-6204
 
Close Bio
william_huber
William Huber
Senior Vice President
 
William joined Northern Trust in 1989 as an Assistant Trader in the Capital Markets Group. He was named an Officer in October, 1998; a Second Vice President in December, 1995; a Vice President in February, 1998; and a Senior Vice President in July, 2002.
 
Phone number  1-312-630-6204
terry_ransford_image
Our Expert
Terry Ransford
Senior Vice President
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-4331
 
Close Bio
terry_ransford_image
Terry Ransford
Senior Vice President
 
Prior to joining Northern Trust, he was President an Chief Operating Officer of internet broker Wingspan Investment Services, Inc., a Bank One company. Prior to its merger with Bank One, Mr. Ransford served as First Chicago NBD's chief technology officer for its retail investment subsidiaries First Chicago NBD Investment Services and Roney & Co. He has developed several leading brokerage web sites including Wingspan, Bank One's OneInvest and its predecessor First Chicago NBD Online Brokerage.

Ransford has spent his 29-year career in the brokerage industry. Prior to joining Northern Trust in 2000, he held various management positions with Bank One, Fidelity Investments and Prudential Securities.

 
Phone number  1-312-444-4331
Janet Schultz Image
Our Expert
Janet Schultz
Vice President
» Get in Touch
Sales: 1-312-444-7581
 
Close Bio
Janet Schultz Image
Janet Schultz
Vice President
 
Janet L. Schultz is a Vice President at The Northern Trust Company, Chicago.  As a Sales Representative, Janet is responsible for new business development for corporate retirement plans, Taft-Hartley plans and institutional clients. Janet develops sales strategies, forms solicitation teams, assesses competitive situations, and coordinates new business presentations.

Prior to her current role, Janet was a part of the Passport Consulting team, responsible for solving a broad range of complex issues for prospective and existing clients. Specifically, the Passport Consulting team provides technology-oriented solutions and support for clients using Northern Trust’s suite of Passport applications. The Passport Consulting team is a cohesive set of experts with in-depth experience in, not only Passport, but also transitions, daily valuation, reporting, technology, mutual funds, plan accounting and other areas.

Prior to joining the Passport Consulting team, Janet worked as a Benefit Payment Consultant in Benefit Payment Services where she assisted master trust and custody clients in automating their processes and communications with Northern Trust. In addition, she was responsible for communicating and implementing the conversion process for new clients. Janet also played a strong role in designing enhancements to the Northern Trust Benefit Payment Passport web application.

 
Phone number  Sales: 1-312-444-7581
Asset ServicingExpert
Global Custody
Choose from Northern Trust's comprehensive range of global custody services.
Show Our Expert
Fund Services
Fund services that will evolve with your changing requirements.
Show Our Expert
Investment Risk and Analytical Services
Analyze performance and manage risk using innovative technology and a consultative approach.
Show Our Expert
Investment Operations Outsourcing
Create a customized investment operations outsourcing solution.
Show Our Expert
Treasury Services
Enhance your investment performance using our flexible, award winning services.
Show Our Expert
Execution Services
Partner with dedicated professionals to create a tailored trading program.
Show Our Expert
Benefit Payments
Partner with an industry leader for a complete solution for benefit payments.
Show Our Expert
play_button_learn_more_image
View our Podcasts
corp_podcast_icon_small Northern Trust experts provide perspective on key industry developments worldwide.
Informative webcast
FAS 157 Peers and Pundits Exchange 
scott_henderson_image
Our Expert
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-5909
 
Close Bio
scott_henderson_image
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
 
Scott is a Senior Vice President at Northern Trust Company and is responsible for managing Northern’s Treasury Services Consulting division.  The Treasury Consulting Division provides Northern Trust clients with assistance in evaluating their existing cash management structure, support in analyzing and implementing treasury management solutions designed to optimize cash flow and streamline payment and financial operations, as well as advice regarding payment industry trends and best practices.

Scott joined Northern Trust in 2003 and has twenty-five years of banking industry experience, including more than ten years in the treasury management services field.  Prior to joining Northern Trust he worked for National City Bank and predecessor organizations of J.P. Morgan Chase in several different capacities, including treasury management sales, procurement card product sales, corporate banking relationship management, asset-based lending, and asset-backed securities underwriting.

Scott has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Coe College in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and an MBA degree from DePaul University in Chicago.  He is a member of the Association for Financial Professionals (AFP), and was a member of AFP’s working committee that created the first standard RFP for purchasing cards in 1998.  He earned the Certified Cash Manager (CCM) designation in 2000, and currently holds AFP’s Certified Treasury Professional (CTP) designation.

 
Phone number  1-312-444-5909
scott_henderson_image
Our Expert
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-5909
 
Close Bio
scott_henderson_image
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
 
Scott is a Senior Vice President at Northern Trust Company and is responsible for managing Northern’s Treasury Services Consulting division.  The Treasury Consulting Division provides Northern Trust clients with assistance in evaluating their existing cash management structure, support in analyzing and implementing treasury management solutions designed to optimize cash flow and streamline payment and financial operations, as well as advice regarding payment industry trends and best practices.

Scott joined Northern Trust in 2003 and has twenty-five years of banking industry experience, including more than ten years in the treasury management services field.  Prior to joining Northern Trust he worked for National City Bank and predecessor organizations of J.P. Morgan Chase in several different capacities, including treasury management sales, procurement card product sales, corporate banking relationship management, asset-based lending, and asset-backed securities underwriting.

Scott has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Coe College in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and an MBA degree from DePaul University in Chicago.  He is a member of the Association for Financial Professionals (AFP), and was a member of AFP’s working committee that created the first standard RFP for purchasing cards in 1998.  He earned the Certified Cash Manager (CCM) designation in 2000, and currently holds AFP’s Certified Treasury Professional (CTP) designation.

 
Phone number  1-312-444-5909
scott_henderson_image
Our Expert
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-5909
 
Close Bio
scott_henderson_image
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
 
Scott is a Senior Vice President at Northern Trust Company and is responsible for managing Northern’s Treasury Services Consulting division.  The Treasury Consulting Division provides Northern Trust clients with assistance in evaluating their existing cash management structure, support in analyzing and implementing treasury management solutions designed to optimize cash flow and streamline payment and financial operations, as well as advice regarding payment industry trends and best practices.

Scott joined Northern Trust in 2003 and has twenty-five years of banking industry experience, including more than ten years in the treasury management services field.  Prior to joining Northern Trust he worked for National City Bank and predecessor organizations of J.P. Morgan Chase in several different capacities, including treasury management sales, procurement card product sales, corporate banking relationship management, asset-based lending, and asset-backed securities underwriting.

Scott has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Coe College in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and an MBA degree from DePaul University in Chicago.  He is a member of the Association for Financial Professionals (AFP), and was a member of AFP’s working committee that created the first standard RFP for purchasing cards in 1998.  He earned the Certified Cash Manager (CCM) designation in 2000, and currently holds AFP’s Certified Treasury Professional (CTP) designation.

 
Phone number  1-312-444-5909
scott_henderson_image
Our Expert
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-5909
 
Close Bio
scott_henderson_image
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
 
Scott is a Senior Vice President at Northern Trust Company and is responsible for managing Northern’s Treasury Services Consulting division.  The Treasury Consulting Division provides Northern Trust clients with assistance in evaluating their existing cash management structure, support in analyzing and implementing treasury management solutions designed to optimize cash flow and streamline payment and financial operations, as well as advice regarding payment industry trends and best practices.

Scott joined Northern Trust in 2003 and has twenty-five years of banking industry experience, including more than ten years in the treasury management services field.  Prior to joining Northern Trust he worked for National City Bank and predecessor organizations of J.P. Morgan Chase in several different capacities, including treasury management sales, procurement card product sales, corporate banking relationship management, asset-based lending, and asset-backed securities underwriting.

Scott has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Coe College in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and an MBA degree from DePaul University in Chicago.  He is a member of the Association for Financial Professionals (AFP), and was a member of AFP’s working committee that created the first standard RFP for purchasing cards in 1998.  He earned the Certified Cash Manager (CCM) designation in 2000, and currently holds AFP’s Certified Treasury Professional (CTP) designation.

 
Phone number  1-312-444-5909
scott_henderson_image
Our Expert
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-5909
 
Close Bio
scott_henderson_image
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
 
Scott is a Senior Vice President at Northern Trust Company and is responsible for managing Northern’s Treasury Services Consulting division.  The Treasury Consulting Division provides Northern Trust clients with assistance in evaluating their existing cash management structure, support in analyzing and implementing treasury management solutions designed to optimize cash flow and streamline payment and financial operations, as well as advice regarding payment industry trends and best practices.

Scott joined Northern Trust in 2003 and has twenty-five years of banking industry experience, including more than ten years in the treasury management services field.  Prior to joining Northern Trust he worked for National City Bank and predecessor organizations of J.P. Morgan Chase in several different capacities, including treasury management sales, procurement card product sales, corporate banking relationship management, asset-based lending, and asset-backed securities underwriting.

Scott has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Coe College in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and an MBA degree from DePaul University in Chicago.  He is a member of the Association for Financial Professionals (AFP), and was a member of AFP’s working committee that created the first standard RFP for purchasing cards in 1998.  He earned the Certified Cash Manager (CCM) designation in 2000, and currently holds AFP’s Certified Treasury Professional (CTP) designation.

 
Phone number  1-312-444-5909
scott_henderson_image
Our Expert
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
» Get in Touch
1-312-444-5909
 
Close Bio
scott_henderson_image
Scott Henderson
Senior Vice President
 
Scott is a Senior Vice President at Northern Trust Company and is responsible for managing Northern’s Treasury Services Consulting division.  The Treasury Consulting Division provides Northern Trust clients with assistance in evaluating their existing cash management structure, support in analyzing and implementing treasury management solutions designed to optimize cash flow and streamline payment and financial operations, as well as advice regarding payment industry trends and best practices.

Scott joined Northern Trust in 2003 and has twenty-five years of banking industry experience, including more than ten years in the treasury management services field.  Prior to joining Northern Trust he worked for National City Bank and predecessor organizations of J.P. Morgan Chase in several different capacities, including treasury management sales, procurement card product sales, corporate banking relationship management, asset-based lending, and asset-backed securities underwriting.

Scott has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Coe College in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and an MBA degree from DePaul University in Chicago.  He is a member of the Association for Financial Professionals (AFP), and was a member of AFP’s working committee that created the first standard RFP for purchasing cards in 1998.  He earned the Certified Cash Manager (CCM) designation in 2000, and currently holds AFP’s Certified Treasury Professional (CTP) designation.

 
Phone number  1-312-444-5909
Banking and Treasury ManagementExpert
Automated Clearing House (ACH)
Northern Trust combines the latest technological advancements with extensive experience to implement efficient payment solutions.
Show Our Expert
Manage Excess Liquidity
Innovative solutions that generate returns on your company's account balances.
Show Our Expert
Payables Management
Leading edge payment solutions that combine the latest security innovations with unparalleled reliability and service.
Show Our Expert
Receivables Management
Operate your business more efficiently with automated payment collection and processing.
Show Our Expert
Information Reporting
Convenient, secure, around the clock access to your company's account information, online.
Show Our Expert
Cash Concentration
Comprehensive solutions for handling corporate cash.
Show Our Expert
 
awards image
Awards and recognition that make us a leading employer
Awards and recognition that make us a leading employer  
corp_global_passport_lm_image
Northern Trust Passport®
Get fast, secure online access to all your accounts, customized reporting, notification alerts and more
Kasriel_news_first_part2_image
View Video Podcast
Our Chief Economist, Paul Kasriel, looks ahead at prospects for jobs and global growth.